Giovani italiani “mammoni” perche’ precari?

Linda Laura Sabbadini, direttore centrale dell’Istat, ad un convegno sul bilancio sociale del Paese promosso dal ministero della Solidarieta’ Sociale, ha riferito che “7 giovani su 10, tra i 20 e i 34 anni, sono costretti a vivere in famiglia perche’ sono lavoratori precari e non hanno le disponibilita’ economiche per andare a vivere da soli”. Inoltre “sono sempre di piu’ i giovani fra i 30 e i 34 anni che restano a casa con i genitori: erano il 19,9% nel 1995, sono stati il 29,5% nel 2005”. La transizione alla condizione di adulto più comune in Italia consiste nel rimanere a casa dei genitori fino ai trent’anni, per poi uscire direttamente in coincidenza del matrimonio.
Questo quadro, a mio parere sconfortante, è imputabile al precariato crescente? Il tasso di precarietà del lavoratore italiano, in realtà, è non solo del tutto in linea con quello europeo, ma anzi è mediamente più basso. Come spiegare dunque il fatto che il tasso di indipendenza dei giovani italiani sia il più basso d’Europa?
Innanzitutto, in Italia i rapporti stipendio/costo della casa e stipendio/costo dell’affitto sono tra i più bassi d’Europa: se non si trova il modo di riequilibrare questi rapporti la nostra società è destinata all’immobilismo.
Tuttavia, la scarsa indipendenza dei giovani italiani ha sicuramente una matrice anche culturale. Per noi latini fare un figlio rappresenta un contratto a tempo indeterminato. Il passaggio tardivo e diretto dalle cure della madre a quelle del partner, senza fasi intermedie di vita da single o condivisione con coetanei di un appartamento, è un fattore negativo non solo per la maturazione e l’indipendenza dei giovani, ma rappresenta anche un fattore inibitore da un punto di vista dello spirito imprenditoriale e creativo delle nuove generazioni. Vivere da soli aiuta a confrontarsi con la realtà, senza lo schermo genitoriale, e l’eventuale convivenza con coetanei con interessi simili ai propri può stimolare la voglia di intraprendere insieme un progetto innovativo.
Cosa fare dunque per aiutare i giovani a rendersi indipendenti e ad entrare prima nel mondo del lavoro? Propongo alcune idee:

  • iniziare l’Università a 18 anni (non a 19 come adesso); studiare 4 anni, come in America, e a 22 essere pronti a lavorare e mantenersi. A 25 anni, dopo qualche anno di lavoro e qualche risparmio da parte, un master specializzante acquista molto più senso;
  • obbligare per legge a dare una retribuzione congrua a stagisti e praticanti: è probabile che così facendo molte imprese e studi diminuirebbero il numero degli stagisti, ma il giovane a gratis è una frustrante anomalia italiana che va superata;
  • portare i ragazzi fuori di casa implica anche una più coraggiosa politica abitativa da parte degli enti locali e delle università;
  • i cervelli vanno raggruppati e non dispersi: l’esperienza delle sedi universitarie distaccate ha consentito ai docenti, ma soprattutto agli studenti di non muoversi da casa. Garantire a tutti di poter studiare nella propria città natale non mi sembra prioritario per l’Italia (anzi perpetua la non-indipendenza dei ragazzi).

Lorenzo Gui

Scritto da admin | April 26, 2007 | in Nuove identità, Varie |

9 Responses to “Giovani italiani “mammoni” perche’ precari?”

  1. Comment by vladi — April 26, 2007 @ 10:45 pm

    L’argomento è gustosissimo. Lorenzo, mi permetto di fare l’avvocato del Diavolo con due provocazioni leggere, che’ tanto il post va al bersaglio da solo.

    Mi aiuto con spunti filmici e letterari: tra il leggendario Tanguy ed i giovani freshman di Tom Wolfe in Charlotte Simmons, io parteggio per il primo tutta lavita. Forse perchè anch’io ho vissuto con i miei fino ai 28 tendo a credere che non sia necessariamente vero che chi esce di casa presto impari ad essere adulto, imprenditivo e abbia quel qualcosa in più. Conosco un sacco di cazzoni (si può dire?) inconcludenti, e statisticamente parlando direi che la maggiorparte di questi sta interpretando l’ennesima replica di Animal House pagata da papà in un appartamentino con i suoi roomates. (Dice: dovresti scegliere meglio le tue amicizie :D)
    E poi: in Italia in particolare mi pare che stare intorno a papà e mammà sia decisamente proficuo in termini di titoli, poltrone in consigli di amministrazione, gruzzoli da spendere in divertissement “imprenditoriali” …

    Scherzi a parte, credo la casa sia un tema prioritario, forse più del discorso “culturale”. La questione potrebbe essere affrontata magari rivedendo e rifocalizzando su nuovi target le politiche abitative e riprendendo in mano l’edilizia “sociale” (agevolata, convenzionata, …). C’è una classe media, giovane, che ne ha bisogno, ma mi pare che sia(mo) presi a metà tra speculazione selvaggia e logiche da Gescal e case popolari di 50 anni fa.

  2. Comment by Massimo Benvegnù — April 27, 2007 @ 12:32 am

    185.000€ per un monolocale di 38mq in periferia a Stra.
    Non serve aggiungere altro (per adesso).

    A parte il fatto che esistono grandissimi cazzoni (si può dire, si può dire… ) che vivono ‘da soli’, e persone degnissime che stanno a casa con la mamma ed il papà.

    M.

  3. Comment by Eleonora — April 27, 2007 @ 11:41 am

    Visto la continua diminuzione dei matrimoni in Italia (fonte Istat http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20070212_00/testointegrale.pdf ) dovremmo aspettarci una schiera crescente di “mammoni”!
    le proposte di Lorenzo sono assolutamente condivisibili, segnalerei però che l’università italiana con la tanto discussa formula del 3+2 avrebbe potuto in qualche modo incentivare la mobilità territoriale tra il primo periodo universitario (è vero, magari vicino a casa) e un secondo biennio da giocare oltre le mura domestiche.
    l’autonomia tra gli atenei e il sistema dei crediti/debiti formativi ha però rallentato (se non disincentivato) questo processo.
    Andare a studiare in un’altra città, oltre che arricchire e rendere più stimolante la vita delle persone, consente spesso di rimanere a lavorare dove si è studiato, perché si sono allacciati rapporti con il territorio, conosciute nuove persone, cambiato la prospettiva rispetto allo scenario del ritorno a casa.
    Penso che in alcuni casi questi “giovani mammoni” non abbiano la voglia di mettersi in gioco, cercando di superare tutti i vincoli posti dal mercato del lavoro e da quello immobiliare soprattutto.
    Ad onor del vero, ci sono però anche molti giovani che scelgono di andare all’estero (i famosi cervelli in fuga?), di scommettere su altre esperienze fuori “casa Italia”, magari rientrando dopo essersi fatti una formazione (e imparato una lingua). oppure diventando cittadini del mondo ( http://www.tipimetropolitani.it )

  4. Comment by Stefano — April 27, 2007 @ 12:09 pm

    Mi fa piacere pensare (come suggerisce Lorenzo) che la sfida dei nostri “giovani” non sia quella di abbandonare il “precariato” per entrare nel “posto fisso”, ma di accettare una nuova quota di imprenditorialità nel lavoro e nella vita. Ora, essere imprenditore (prendo la parola in senso molto lato) presenta molti rischi, anche più di quelli del cosiddetto precariato, ma rende la vita più interessante e divertente.
    s.

  5. Comment by Lorenzo G. — April 27, 2007 @ 2:57 pm

    Concordo con Eleonora: l’autonomia tra gli atenei e il sistema dei crediti/debiti formativi ha rallentato (se non disincentivato) la mobilità tra atenei. Questo risultato è chiaramente un tradimento dello spririto iniziale della riforma.
    Il tema della fuga dei cervelli da “casa Italia”, credo renda ancora più urgente rivedere il sistema in modo da offrire ai giovani più dinamici una alternativa domestica alla loro voglia di indipendenza e crescita professionale.
    Infine segnalo una indagine dell’Istat del 2005, che sembra suggerire l’impatto negativo che una ritardata uscita dal nido familiare provoca sulle scelte riproduttive: http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20051020_00/testointegrale.pdf
    Ogni anno arrivano in Italia circa 200.000 immigrati: penso che il processo di integrazione, da qui al 2050, sarà senz’altro favorito se i giovani stranieri, arrivando in Italia, troveranno ancora qualche giovane “autoctono” con cui relazionarsi…

  6. Comment by sb — April 27, 2007 @ 3:31 pm

    tutto vero e tutto drammaticamente triste, ma chi si dovrebbe fare carico di questa offerta?? Per esempio mi chiedo chi, chi mai, potrebbe sobbarcarsi l’onere di ricondurre il famoso rapporto affitto/stipendio su livelli “normali”, che penso siano compresi 0.28-0.35?? Certo questo produrrebbe un enorme effetto sui giovani. Per molti questo vorrebbe dire modificare radicalmente la propria vita e iniziare a viverla con diverse prospettive. Ma come si può fare? Siamo a invocare un intervento per la riduzione degli affitti (irragionevolmente alti) o siamo a chiedere un aumento degli stipendi (ridicolamente bassi)???
    Nel caso scegliessimo la prima opzione credo ci troveremmo di fronte alla realtà di un mercato immobiliare assolutamente inelastico e scollegato dalla realtà. Basti pensare che nel quinquennio 2000-2005, con l’economia nazionale sostanzialmente ferma il valore delle case è cresciuto in alcune zone anche del 80%, e di conseguenza gli affitti.
    Nel caso scegliessimo l’opzione aumentare lo stipendio….credo che la risposta potrebbe darsela ognuno di noi.

  7. Comment by Massimo Benvegnù — April 27, 2007 @ 3:58 pm

    Tra tanti dati economici, una nota giornalistica: avete mai pensato ai titoli delle copertine dedicate alla ‘nostra’ generazione dai settimanali tipo “l’Espresso”?

    Negli anni ‘80: generazione edonistica, paninara, griffata

    Negli anni ‘90: generazione Erasmus, europea, viaggiatrice

    Negli anni ‘00: POVERI GIOVANI, disoccupati, mammoni.

    E la cosa divertente è che sono azzeccate tutte. Forse è da qui che bisogna partire ad analizzare il problema… perchè come diceva Tyler Durden: «Noi siamo i figli di mezzo della storia, cresciuti dalla televisione a credere che un giorno saremo milionari e divi del cinema e rockstar, ma non andrà così. E stiamo or ora cominciando a capire questo fatto»

    M.

  8. Comment by Lorenzo G. — April 27, 2007 @ 4:05 pm

    Sia la riduzione del costo della casa che l’aumento degli stipendi sono prospettive difficilmente realizzabili. Tuttavia una vigorosa politica abitativa a favore di giovani con determinate caratteristiche, ad esempio con l’assegnazione periodica tramite estrazione di case di nuova costruzione a prezzi ribassati, potrebbe essere un interessante utilizzo del famoso “tesoretto”, di cui tanto si parla in questi giorni.

  9. Comment by Nicolò — May 1, 2007 @ 7:51 pm

    Complimeti a Lorenzo. un’analisi “cinica” e realistica della realtà italiana odierna e per le interessanti proposte.
    A dire il vero pure io convivo con i miei genitori. Che non mi hanno mai fatto mancare nulla… Studio all’università di Padova. Probabilmente una delle più “quotate”. E faccio il pendolare.
    concordo che un periodo di vita fuori casa possa stimolare noi giovani.
    E forse ripensare, anche urbanisticamente le nostre università potrebbe essere utile. Un’esperienza come quella del college negli Stati Uniti dove tutti gli iscritti vivono nella sede universitaria che frequentano sarebbe utile. L’esperienza di vivere da soli porta a confrontarsi con la realtà. Senza i genitori che ci curano e ci sostengono può essere molto formativa a parer mio.
    Nella mia esperienza ho chiesto ai miei genitori di andre a vivere da solo ma la risposta è stata negativa un pò perchè non volevano che il loro bambino partisse, un pò perchè non mi ritengono abbastanza maturo per vivere da solo e un pò perchè nonostante lavorino tutti e due il mantenere un figlio agli studi e aiutarlo nel mantenersi; perchè da solo uno studente di certo non ce la fà del tutto.

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